First Philippine Republic Day (Araw ng Unang Republika ng Pilipinas) is observed in the Philippines every January 23, commemorating the establishment of the First Philippine Republic in 1899. This day marks the enforcement of the Malolos Constitution, which established the republic following the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. The republic was short-lived, as it faced opposition from the United States, leading to the Philippine-American War and the eventual cessation of the republic in 1901. The day was established as a special working holiday in 2018 by President Rodrigo Duterte and was first observed in 2019. Unlike Independence Day, government institutions, schools, and businesses remain open unless the holiday falls on a weekend. The observance highlights the struggles for independence and the revolutionary efforts of figures like Emilio Aguinaldo and Andrés Bonifacio, who played significant roles in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.