Columbia: The Ancient Supercontinent of 1.6 Billion Years Ago
Explore Columbia, the ancient supercontinent from 1.6 billion years ago, and its role in shaping Earth’s geology, climate, and early life evolution.
plate tectonics
Understanding the Primitive Mantle: Earth’s Early Chemical Composition
Explore the primitive mantle’s role in Earth’s formation, geology, and climate science, revealing how early chemical composition shapes our planet today.
Understanding Mantle Convection and Its Role in Earth’s Dynamics
Explore how mantle convection drives Earth’s tectonic movements and influences geological events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions shaping our planet.
Understanding the Mantle: Earth’s Layer Between Core and Crust
Discover the Earth’s mantle, the thick layer between the core and crust that drives tectonic activity, volcanic eruptions, and influences climate.
Pannotia: The Hypothetical Neoproterozoic Supercontinent Explained
Explore Pannotia, a Neoproterozoic supercontinent from 600 million years ago, and learn how its formation shaped Earth’s geology and life evolution.
Vaalbara: An Ancient Hypothetical Supercontinent of Earth
Explore Vaalbara, Earth’s first hypothetical supercontinent, its geological significance, and how it shaped our planet’s early continental formation and tectonic processes.